Pet products in India: nine market sizes, $138 million of imports, zero BIS licences and Rs 1,500 crore of new factories. The business case, 2026

Pet products market in India: nine sizes for one market, and the four numbers that are official

Nobody counts India's pets, and nobody audits its pet shops, so every market size is a model. The models disagree by a factor of twelve.

The pet products market in India is published at nine different sizes, and the spread is not a rounding problem. For pet food alone, Euromonitor International's retail figure is $759.8 million for 2025 and $850.3 million for 2026, which ranks India the 29th largest pet food market in the world; Ken Research puts it at $770 million in 2025, Persistence Market Research at $773.7 million in 2026, Mordor Intelligence at $0.98 billion in 2026 and the Rodl and Partner paper released alongside World Food India at $720 million for 2024. Five houses, one answer: packaged pet food in India is a market of roughly three quarters of a billion dollars a year, growing at 10 to 12 percent.

The moment the scope widens to pet care, the agreement ends. Redseer's 2024 report counts products and services together at $3.6 billion in FY2024, double the $1.8 billion of FY2020, and has projected $7.0 to 7.5 billion by FY2028. The India Brand Equity Foundation gives the identical $3.6 billion for calendar 2024, as Rs 30,434 crore, and then projects Rs 2,10,000 crore, or $24.8 billion, by 2032. IMARC's India pet care products report opens at $8.6 billion for 2025 and $9.2 billion for 2026, while the same firm's pet care figure quoted by GlobalPETS is $2.4 billion for 2024 rising to $4.6 billion by 2033. Cognitive Market Research expects $8.4 billion by 2034.

Two of these pages contradict themselves. IBEF values pet food at Rs 4,000 crore, or $466.3 million, in 2024 and calls it 'nearly 80 percent of the total pet care market', yet Rs 4,000 crore is 13 percent of its own Rs 30,434 crore total. Its $24.8 billion for 2032 implies the market growing 27 percent a year for eight years, while the same page describes the growth rate as 20 percent. IMARC's two figures for Indian pet care, $2.4 billion and $8.6 billion, differ by a factor of 3.6 for the same country in consecutive years. None of this makes the research houses wrong; it means that 'the market' is a different object in each report, and that a buyer, a founder or an investor should ask what is inside the number before quoting it.

India imported $138 million of dog and cat food in 2025, six and a half times the 2015 figure, and 63 percent of it came from Thailand

Customs data is the one place where the pet food market is weighed rather than guessed at. It shows a decade of growth, a wobble in 2023 and a supplier base that has narrowed to one country.

Pet food imports are the one series in this report that was weighed at a border. India imported 59,166 tonnes of retail dog and cat food worth $138.1 million in 2025, against 11,632 tonnes worth $21.2 million in 2015, a sixfold rise in value and a fivefold rise in weight over ten years. The curve has three phases. From 2015 to 2020 imports grew steadily, from $21.2 million to $68.3 million. In 2021 they jumped 73.5 percent in a single year to $118.5 million, the lockdown adoption wave arriving at the port, and peaked at $143.2 million in 2022. Then they declined: 2023 imports were $122.9 million, 14.2 percent below the peak, before recovering to $136.3 million in 2024 and $138.1 million in 2025. The last three years are flat in dollars and flat in tonnes, 51,418 to 59,166, while every market estimate above has the market growing at double digits.

The Department of Commerce's own Tradestat database tells the same story on a financial-year basis. Imports under ITC-HS 23091000 rose from US$24.68 million, or Rs 165.70 crore, in 2016-17 to US$134.87 million, or Rs 1,139.67 crore, in 2024-25, with the step change in 2021-22, when the value grew 83 percent to US$139.84 million. The portal's figure for 2025-26 is US$140.96 million, or Rs 1,244.11 crore, 4.5 percent above the previous year. In rupees the ten-year rise is 7.5-fold, because the rupee fell against the dollar over the same period. Dog and cat food is a tiny line in India's trade account, 0.0187 percent of all imports in 2024-25 by the portal's own share column.

One supplier for two bags in three

Thailand shipped $87.5 million of the 2025 total, 63.4 percent, up from 46.9 percent of a much smaller total in 2019. Italy ($11.8 million), France ($10.9 million), Indonesia ($5.2 million) and China ($5.1 million) follow; no other country reaches 2 percent. The supplier that lost most ground is South Africa, which sent $9.3 million and 16.1 percent of imports in 2019 and $1.6 million and 1.2 percent in 2025. Thailand is where the global majors concentrate their Asian dry-food capacity, and its share means that India's pet food shelves depend on one country's factories, one shipping lane and one set of bilateral veterinary arrangements more than on any domestic variable.

Two smaller lines complete the import picture. India imported $2.53 million of saddlery and harness for any animal under HS 420100 in 2024, the heading that covers collars, leads and harnesses, 324 tonnes of it, and $1.97 million of that came from China. Live ornamental freshwater fish under HS 030111 came to $1.21 million, led by Indonesia ($0.53 million), Thailand ($0.42 million) and Japan ($0.18 million). Both are small beside food, and both are dominated by a single Asian supplier.

India exports $79 million of pet food a year, mostly to Germany, Britain and the United States, at twice the price per kilo it pays for imports

The export line is the part of the story the market reports leave out, and it is the one in which India is already a premium producer.

India exported $78.8 million of dog and cat food in 2025, 16,733 tonnes, more than double the $38.3 million of 2020. Exports were flat for six years, between $33.3 million and $41.1 million from 2015 to 2020, then grew in step with imports: $60.2 million in 2021, $71.9 million in 2024, $78.8 million in 2025. Tradestat's financial-year series shows the same climb from US$32.34 million in 2016-17 to US$80.57 million in 2025-26, with a one-off spike to US$118.51 million in 2023-24. Until 2017 India sold more pet food abroad than it bought; the trade balance turned negative in 2018 and reached a $80.5 million deficit in 2022 before narrowing to $59.3 million in 2025.

Germany took $22.9 million, 29.0 percent of the 2025 exports; the United Kingdom $15.0 million; the United States $13.0 million; the Netherlands $7.3 million. This is not the geography of a low-cost bulk supplier. It is the geography of the dog chew and treat trade, in which Indian processors convert hide and other animal by-products into rawhide, munchies and dental sticks for European and American shelves. The unit values say so. India's exports fetched $4.71 per kilogram in 2025 and its imports cost $2.33, so a kilogram leaving the country is worth twice a kilogram coming in. The export price has risen from $3.14 in 2015; the import price from $1.83.

What the two unit values mean

A country that imports $2.33 kibble and exports $4.71 chews has an industry built on two separate competences: packaged complete food, which it mostly buys, and processed treats, which it mostly makes. The first is where the capacity announcements below are aimed. The second is already profitable enough that Drools, the largest Indian brand, reports exports to 22 countries, and it is the part of the market that the domestic estimates do not measure at all, because a chew sold in Hamburg is not Indian retail.

What the trade record does to the market-size claims

The border figures let a reader test the stories told about the market, and three widely repeated ones do not survive the test.

The 'imports feed 80 percent of the market' claim is out of date

In June 2021 the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry wrote to the Department of Animal Husbandry that the pre-packaged pet food market was worth Rs 2,500 to 2,700 crore and that 'less than 15-18 percent of this market is catered to domestically'. The customs record does not support that even for 2021, when imports were $118.5 million, about Rs 880 crore at the year's exchange rate, or a third of the chamber's market by value at the border. Retail prices are higher than landed prices, so the imported share of shelf value was larger than a third, but it was not 82 percent. For 2025 the arithmetic is clearer still: $138.1 million of imports against Euromonitor's $759.8 million retail pet food market is 18 percent at border value. Retail value is higher than border value. Doubling the border value for duty, GST, distribution and retail margin would put imported food at roughly a third of the shelf. Two thirds or more of the packaged pet food sold in India is now made in India.

The flat import line is the onshoring showing up

Mars Petcare announced a Rs 500 crore brownfield expansion of its Telangana plant in December 2021, a second dry extruder line that would add almost 65,000 tonnes of capacity and 180 to 200 jobs, for demand 'not only in India but across Asia'. In August 2023 it announced a further Rs 800 crore phase II, taking its fixed capital investment in the state from Rs 200 crore to Rs 1,500 crore. One extruder line at one plant adds more tonnage than India imported in all of 2025, 59,166 tonnes. Drools, which L Catterton valued at $600 million in June 2023 and which Nestle bought into in May 2025, grew its revenue 50 percent to Rs 714.90 crore in FY2024 and sells through 40,000 outlets. The 2022 import peak and the flat line since are what substitution looks like in a customs table.

The growth is real, but it is not 20 percent in the thing that is measured

Imports grew 20.6 percent a year compounded from 2015 to 2025, which is the number most reports quote for 'the market'. But the compound rate from 2022 to 2025 is negative 1.2 percent. Ken Research's 16.57 percent a year for pet food over 2020 to 2025 and Redseer's doubling from FY2020 to FY2024 are consistent with the customs data for the lockdown years and silent on the plateau since. A reader should carry two growth rates, not one: the 2015 to 2022 rate, which is history, and the 2022 to 2025 rate, which is the present, and ask which one a forecast is extrapolating.

No mandatory standard: zero BIS licences, an FSSAI direction struck down by the Delhi High Court, and an import certificate that does the work for foreign food only

A buyer in India can insist on an import certificate for a Thai bag and on nothing at all for an Indian one. That gap is the market's largest open question.

The Bureau of Indian Standards publishes IS 11968:2019, Pet Food for Dogs and Cats, Specification (First Revision), a voluntary standard covering complete dog food and complete cat food. The Bureau's own standard details page, read on 1 November 2026, shows 'License: 0', no product manual and no recognised laboratory for it. No manufacturer in India carries the Standard Mark for pet food. The PHD Chamber asked the Department of Animal Husbandry in June 2021 for 'early adoption' of IS 11968:2019 as a mandatory standard; the Rodl and Partner paper of September 2025 again called for regulatory reform. Neither has happened.

The food regulator tried a different route for livestock feed and lost. In December 2019 the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India directed that feed for food-producing animals must comply with BIS standards and could not be made, imported or sold without BIS certification, as an interim measure while it considered bringing animal feed under the Food Safety and Standards Act. On 7 April 2026 a Division Bench of the Delhi High Court, Chief Justice Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya and Justice Tejas Karia, quashed the regulation that grew out of it in Godrej Agrovet v FSSAI, holding that the 2006 Act's provisions 'can be put to service only to regulate the food for human consumption and not the feed for the use of cattle or animals', and that BIS standards are voluntary unless the Central Government notifies them as mandatory. The case was about cattle feed, but the reasoning reaches every bag of dog food: FSSAI has no jurisdiction over it, and the Bureau's standard binds no one until a ministry says so.

The one standard that bites is at the border

Imported dog and cat food is a different matter. Notification S.O. 3926(E) of 22 September 2021 set veterinary health certificate requirements for dog and cat food products containing animal-origin material imported under ITC-HS 23091000, with a manufacturer's declaration pasted on each container, clearance through Animal Quarantine and Certification Services, random microbiological sampling and a power for the Central Government to relax conditions in the public interest. The United Kingdom's export certificate for India, drafted to follow 'the wording of the model certificate published by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in the Gazette of India dated 22nd September 2021', shows what the certificate demands: a sanitary import permit number, species of origin, ante- and post-mortem inspection, at least one listed heat treatment, laboratory analysis, and the rule that 'no ingredients derived from slaughtered bovine animals may be used', with milk products and ovine or caprine tallow the only permitted ruminant materials.

So the Indian regime, in 2026, is this: a bag of food made in Thailand or Italy enters with a government veterinarian's signature on its origin, processing and ruminant content, while a bag made in Pune or Rajnandgaon carries whatever its label says. Bonbeno's guide to reading a pet food label in India explains what the label can and cannot tell a buyer, and the brands directory records which claims each company documents. For a manufacturer, the gap is also the opening: the first Indian brand to hold a BIS licence under IS 11968:2019 would be the first to sell a tested claim rather than a printed one.

18 percent GST, 20 percent customs duty, and pet inflation running at three times the headline rate

Pet food is taxed as a discretionary good while every other feed in its chapter is taxed as farm input, and the price index shows who pays.

Dog and cat food pays 18 percent GST because it appears in no schedule at all. The Integrated Tax (Rate) notification of 17 September 2025, which rewrote the goods schedules from 22 September 2025, exempts aquatic, poultry and cattle feed and the bran, husk and concentrates that go into them, puts fish soluble paste at 5 percent, and sweeps everything in 'any chapter' that is 'not specified in Schedule I, III, IV, V, VI or VII' into the 18 percent residual at serial number 639. Pet food lands there by omission, not by decision. The PHD Chamber's 2021 letter asked for it to be classified at 5 percent 'at par with the animal feed'; Mars Petcare India's managing director was quoted in September 2025 asking for the 18 percent to be rationalised, noting that pet shampoos had just moved to 5 percent.

At the border the imported bag pays more. The Bombay High Court in Orange Pet Nutrition v Customs Authority for Advance Rulings upheld the classification of 20-kilogram imported pet food bags as retail packs under tariff item 2309 10 00, 'attracting 20% Basic Customs Duty (BCD) instead of the concessional 15% BCD applicable to' compounded animal feed under 2309 90 10. IGST at 18 percent is then charged on the duty-paid value, so an imported bag carries about 42 percent of tax on top of its landed price before anyone in India adds a margin, against 18 percent for a bag made here. That 24-point gap is the quiet policy behind the Rs 1,500 crore of extruders in Telangana.

The price index that the National Statistics Office began publishing on the new 2024 base in February 2026 has, for the first time, a division that names pets. 'Garden products and pets' rose 8.54 percent year on year in January 2026, 10.25 percent in urban India, against 2.75 percent for the index as a whole. The division pools pets with garden products, so it is not a pure pet food index, but it is the only official inflation measure that includes one, and it is running at three times the headline rate. The basket behind it comes from the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey of 2023-24, whose item list carries 'pet animals (incl. birds, fish)' as item 495: pets are, officially, a consumption category in India.

Who is putting money in: Rs 1,500 crore from Mars, a unicorn in Drools, and about $180 million of venture rounds since mid-2023

The investors are not waiting for the market-size argument to be settled. Their money is in factories, clinics and shops, and it is traceable.

The largest cheque is industrial. Mars has committed Rs 1,500 crore of fixed capital to a single pet food plant in Telangana across the 2021 and 2023 announcements, and its 2021 statement explained why: the company reported category growth of 16 percent in 2019, more than 20 percent in 2020 and an expectation of 35 to 40 percent for 2021, and wanted capacity for exports across Asia as well as Indian demand. The second largest is strategic: Nestle's minority stake in Drools in May 2025, which Drools said made it India's first pet food unicorn, two years after L Catterton's $60 million at a $600 million valuation.

The venture money has moved from products to services. Heads Up For Tails, a retailer with 14 stores in November 2018, reported 115 stores, 95 pet spas and a Rs 400 crore revenue run rate when Entrackr reported its $25 million Series B in December 2025. Supertails raised $30 million in February 2026 to open clinics and build 30-minute delivery. Vetic, founded in 2022, raised $40 million in June 2026 for a clinic network that already runs over 65 clinics across 11 cities with 15 round-the-clock emergency facilities and over 250 veterinarians. Redseer counted about $180 million invested in India's new-age pet players over FY2020 to FY2024; the five rounds named here, from June 2023 to June 2026, come to $181 million on their own.

The demand side: 32 to 42 million pets, Rs 50,000 a year per metro pet parent, and a retail trade that is still four fifths offline

The pet population is estimated, not counted, and the counts differ by ten million. What the owners spend, and where, is better documented.

India has somewhere between 32 million and 42 million pets, depending on who is counting. Redseer puts the in-home pet population at about 32 million in FY2024, up from 26 million in FY2019, counting dogs, cats, rodents, birds and fish and excluding street animals. GlobalPETS, citing Euromonitor International, reports dogs 'surpassing 36.8 million in 2024' and cats at 'nearly 4 million', with the total rising from 26 million in 2019 to 42 million in 2024; the Rodl paper gives 42.2 million for 2024. The PHD Chamber's 2021 letter spoke of 2.5 crore pet dogs and 4.5 million cats. No government count exists: the 20th Livestock Census counted 1.53 crore stray dogs in 2019 but published no table of owned pets. Dogs are nine pets in ten by every estimate, and cats are the segment every estimate says is growing fastest and none measures.

The spending is better known because Redseer asked. Its survey of 493 metro pet parents, mostly in Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Pune, found annual spending of about Rs 50,000 on pet products and services, 5 to 8 percent of household income, split roughly 60 percent products and 40 percent services, with healthcare averaging about Rs 14,000 and grooming taking about a quarter of service spend. At the market level Redseer puts products at 52 percent and services at 48 percent of the $3.6 billion, and says healthcare, grooming and food together account for about 80 percent of all spending. Online, including online-to-offline bookings, is 6 to 8 percent of the market; among the surveyed buyers 80 to 85 percent of spending on accessories, food and healthcare products went through offline channels.

The shops that sell it

That offline channel is what Bonbeno went and looked at. A Google Maps pull of the first 100 results for 'pet shop' in each of eight cities, Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata and Ahmedabad, run on 1 November 2026, returned 800 listings: 641 that Google classes as a pet store or pet supply store, 93 aquarium, bird or reptile shops, 40 clinics, groomers, boarders and breeders, and 26 that were not pet businesses at all. The national chains are thin on the ground: Heads Up For Tails appeared 18 times across the eight cities and JUSTDOGS nine times, 29 listings of 800, with Zigly and Supertails one apiece. The remaining 95 percent of the pet retail that a buyer actually sees is independent, and only a third of it (265 of 800 listings) has a website. Bonbeno's companion report on pet shops in India sets that layer against the registration records, and finds that Tamil Nadu's official register, the only state list published, holds 399 entries, 166 of them in Coimbatore and 45 in Chennai.

The services side has its own supply data. No government table counts private veterinary clinics, but Bonbeno's vet directory lists 297 clinics across the same eight cities, 70 of which publish 24-hour opening, and the Vet Access Index shows that the public network they sit beside is sized for livestock, with one government veterinary post in four vacant. Vetic's 15 round-the-clock facilities and Supertails's 100-clinic plan are built on that gap. What a household budgets for all of this is set out in Bonbeno's guides to the monthly cost of a dog in India and the monthly cost of a cat.

Growth opportunities, ranked by the evidence behind them

Eight places where the record points to room, in the order of how much hard data stands behind each. They are the growth drivers the research houses list, tested against the record.

1. Make the kibble here. India imported 59,166 tonnes of retail dog and cat food in 2025, 63.4 percent of it from one country, and an imported bag pays 20 percent duty plus IGST where a domestic bag pays GST alone. Mars sized a single new extruder line at 65,000 tonnes. The substitution is under way and the import plateau since 2022 is its first result; the next entrant's competitive landscape is Mars, Drools and Nestle, not Thailand.
2. Export treats, not just food. Exports doubled from $38.3 million in 2020 to $78.8 million in 2025 at $4.71 a kilogram, with Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Netherlands taking 73.7 percent. India's by-product supply chain is already competitive in the premium chew market; the opportunity is in branding what is now shipped as a commodity.
3. Build services as fast as products. Services are 48 percent of spending and healthcare is the largest single category in Redseer's split; the two largest rounds of 2026, Vetic's $40 million and Supertails's $30 million, are both clinic money. The directory data shows why: 70 of 297 listed clinics in eight cities publish 24-hour opening.
4. Go to the towns the chains have not reached. Tamil Nadu's register of pet shops holds 166 entries in Coimbatore against 45 in Chennai, and the eight-city Google Maps pull found the chains at 29 of 800 listings. Independent retail in tier-2 cities is where distribution, not demand, is the constraint.
5. Be the first brand with a tested claim. IS 11968:2019 has zero licensees. Carrying the Standard Mark, or an equivalent third-party certificate, is a differentiator no Indian pet food currently has, and the import certificate's heat-treatment and ruminant rules show what a credible domestic standard would look like.
6. Measure the cat. Cats are about 4 million of 42 million pets by the Euromonitor count, and no public dataset splits cat food from dog food in India: the trade heading covers both, and the market reports give dog food 'over 85 percent'. The first company to publish a credible cat-food series will own the conversation about the fastest-growing segment.
7. Take e-commerce from 8 percent to 20. Online spending is 6 to 8 percent of the market; Supertails is building 30-minute delivery in Mumbai, Bengaluru and Delhi NCR. Quick commerce suits a category where a 10-kilogram bag is bought every month.
8. Insure the pet. IBEF reports that less than 1 percent of Indian pets were insured as of 2023. With healthcare the largest spending line, insurance is the product that turns a Rs 14,000 annual bill into a monthly premium; Bonbeno's guide to pet insurance in India sets out what the current policies pay.

What could go wrong

Five risks that the same documents disclose, for anyone building a plan on the opportunities above.

• Concentration in one supplier. With Thailand at 63.4 percent of imports, a veterinary restriction, a shipping disruption or a tariff change in one bilateral relationship would move India's shelves within a quarter. Domestic capacity is the hedge, and it is being built, but it is three companies deep.
• A mandatory standard could arrive without warning. The Delhi High Court has told the regulators that only the Central Government can make a BIS standard binding, and two industry bodies have asked it to do exactly that for IS 11968:2019. A brand that has never tested to the standard would face a compliance bill on the day it is notified; one that has would face a windfall.
• The tax position is contested, which cuts both ways. Every industry submission since 2021 has asked for 5 percent GST. A cut would expand the market and compress the duty advantage of domestic production at the same time, because the IGST on imports would fall with it.
• The retail channel is largely unregistered. The companion report finds that most pet shops that sell live animals operate outside the registration the 2018 Rules require, and that enforcement arrives in bursts after a court order or a fatal dog attack. A distribution strategy built on independent live-animal shops carries that exposure.
• The market-size numbers are not load-bearing. A plan that cites $24.8 billion by 2032 is extrapolating 27 percent compound growth from a base that the customs record shows flat since 2022. Use the trade series, the CPI and the funded companies' own reported revenues, and treat the headline estimates as the range they are.

What this data does not measure

Each source here has a boundary, and the conclusions stop where the sources do.

• HS 230910 is retail dog and cat food, and nothing else. It excludes treats and chews classified elsewhere, bulk food not put up for retail sale, supplements, litter, toys, accessories and every service. The trade dataset therefore measures the packaged-food core of the market and not its edges, and it cannot split dog from cat.
• Border value is not shelf value. Comtrade and Tradestat record what customs saw, before duty, IGST, distribution and margin. Comparisons with retail market estimates in this report are made explicitly at border value or with a stated doubling, and the doubling is an assumption, not a measurement.
• The two official series differ by design. Calendar years against financial years, and different valuation documents, so $136.3 million for 2024 and US$134.87 million for FY2024-25 are both correct. Tradestat's 2025-26 row was read on a portal that stated its data was last updated on 7 August 2026, and the report treats it as the portal's figure rather than as audited.
• No source counts India's pets, pet shops or pet food factories. The population figures are estimates from consultancies and from Euromonitor as reported by a trade publication; the only official animal census counts strays. The Google Maps layer is 100 results per city for one search term, and the chains' store counts are the companies' own statements.
• The market estimates are quoted, not audited. Each figure is read from the publisher's page or from the GlobalPETS article that reports it, and the report flags the internal contradictions it found; it did not buy the underlying reports and cannot say how each was built.
• The CPI division pools pets with garden products. 8.54 percent is the inflation of that division, not of pet food, and the series began in January 2026, so it has one observation.
• The company figures are what the companies and their investors told the press. Revenue run rates, store counts, clinic counts and valuations were read from the reports cited; none was checked against a filing, and the Heads Up For Tails round was reported as in its final stages rather than closed.
• A Lok Sabha reply titled 'Pet Business' (Unstarred Question 2829, 18 March 2025) is listed on the Department of Animal Husbandry's website; the file returned 404 on this attempt, and no national count of registered pet shops or pet food manufacturers was available to this report.

How this report was built

Every figure was read from the document cited, and every ratio was computed from the dataset beside this report, which the script in the research folder rebuilds.

1. Trade by calendar year was pulled from the UN Comtrade public preview API, one year per call, for reporter India (699), commodity HS 230910, all partners, flows M and X, 2015 to 2025, plus HS 420100 and HS 030111 imports for 2024. World totals are the rows with partner code 0; partner shares are each partner's value over the sum of partner rows; unit values divide value by net weight. The parsing script and the raw JSON are kept in the research folder.
2. Trade by financial year was read from the Department of Commerce's Tradestat Export Import Data Bank, commodity-wise import and export tables for ITC-HS 23091000 at the 8-digit level, in US dollar millions and in rupee crore, for 2016-17 to 2025-26.
3. The GST position was read from the schedules of Notification No. 9/2025-Integrated Tax (Rate) of 17 September 2025 in the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India's updated reproduction, which shows serial number 161 (fish soluble paste, 5 percent), the exempt entries 105 and 108 for other feeds, and the residual serial number 639. The customs duty was read from the Bombay High Court ruling as reported by Taxscan.
4. The standards position was read from the Bureau of Indian Standards' own page for IS 11968:2019 on 1 November 2026, the FSSAI-hosted press clipping of its December 2019 direction, LiveLaw's report of the Delhi High Court's judgment of 7 April 2026, the TeamLease RegTech summary of S.O. 3926(E) and the United Kingdom's notes for guidance to its export certificate for India, which reproduce the Gazette model certificate's conditions.
5. The CPI figures are the division 09.3 rows of the National Statistics Office's first press release on base 2024=100, dated 12 February 2026; the consumption item is item 495 in the HCES 2023-24 report's item list.
6. The market estimates were read from the publishers' pages for IMARC, Ken Research, Mordor and Persistence, from Redseer's report, from IBEF's blog, from the Tribune's report of the Rodl and Partner paper, from Rural Voice's report of the PHD Chamber letter, and from GlobalPETS's articles of 7 April 2025 and 23 October 2026 for Euromonitor, IMARC and Cognitive. Dollar figures are as published; rupee figures were not converted except where the source gave both.
7. The investment figures were read from BizzBuzz and The South First for Mars, Entrackr for Drools and Heads Up For Tails, Inc42 for Supertails and Entrepreneur India for Vetic, and the store count for 2018 from GlobalPETS. The Google Maps layer is eight Apify runs of 100 results each for 'pet shop' on 1 November 2026, classified by Google's own category field; the summary script is kept with the companion report.