Dog motion sickness in a car: which of the two problems your dog has, and what actually fixes each

The two problems that look identical from the driver's seat

A dog that vomits in a car has one of two problems, and the two need opposite treatments. One is motion sickness, which starts in the inner ear. The other is car anxiety, which the dog has learned.

Motion sickness proper is a sensory conflict. The brain receives disagreeing reports from three systems that track balance and movement, the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, the eyes, and the muscles and joints, and the result is nausea, vomiting, salivation and agitation. It is commonest in young dogs, and the usual explanation offered is that the parts of the inner ear involved in balance are not fully developed Reisen, Carsickness in Dogs: What to Know.

Car anxiety is learned, and it is a different thing wearing the same signs. A dog that has been frightened in a car, or that has only ever been driven to a place it dislikes, builds a conditioned response to the vehicle itself. Merck's chapter says it plainly: fear of the vehicle can become a contributory factor in dogs that develop a conditioned response to the event, and such dogs may show clinical signs even in a stationary vehicle.

The test that separates them, and it costs nothing

To separate the two, take the motion away and see what is left. Park on your own road, open a door, let the dog get in, and sit there for five minutes with the engine off. A dog that drools, pants, paces or refuses to get in at all, in a car that has not moved a centimetre, is telling you the problem is not vestibular. Nothing in a parked car is stimulating the inner ear.

A dog can have both, and many do, because a dog made nauseous by motion learns to dread the car that did it. That is the sequence to watch for in a puppy: a vestibular problem in the first months that becomes a learned one by the second year if nobody intervenes.

The five-group finding behind the two-way split

The best published attempt to separate car travel problems found five groups, not two. Sixty-two dogs with problems when travelling by car were driven at least twice weekly for nine weeks, and the frequency of 21 behavioural signs was scored every three weeks. Principal components analysis sorted the dogs into five well defined groups, labelled excitable, nausea, tense, attention-seeking and elimination.

The groups did not respond alike. All showed some statistically significant improvement after treatment, but the greatest perceived improvement was in the nausea group and the least was in the excitable group. That is the useful part: the same intervention moves a nauseous dog and barely moves an over-aroused one, which is the clinical version of the split this page is built on.

Read the study's limits honestly, because they are real. It was non-blinded, and the treatment was a dog-appeasing pheromone collar worn for six weeks together with general behavioural advice. Improvement therefore cannot be attributed to the pheromone on its own, and the owners knew what their dogs were wearing. The grouping is the finding worth keeping; the product is not.

Why puppies get it, and why most of them grow out of it

Puppies get motion sickness because the parts of the inner ear used for balance are not fully developed, and most of them outgrow it by about a year old.

Two independent sources give the same explanation in almost the same words. VCA says motion or car sickness is more common in younger dogs than in adults, that the reason may be that the parts of the inner ear involved in balance are not fully developed, and that puppies will often outgrow motion sickness by the time they are about one year old. The American Kennel Club says it is most often seen in puppies, just as it is most often seen in young children, because the structures in the inner ear used for balance are not fully developed, and adds that some dogs never outgrow it.

Note what is missing from both. Neither cites a study, neither gives a denominator, and we found no published measurement of what proportion of affected puppies resolve or by what age. The mechanism is standard physiology and the one-year figure is clinical experience written down. Treat it as a reasonable expectation rather than a schedule, and do not wait a year doing nothing on the assumption that it will pass.

The medical causes to rule out before you call it travel sickness

Rule out disease first in any dog that is newly sick in cars. Some dogs have medical conditions such as middle or inner ear infections, or vestibular disease of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear, that predispose them to nausea, and others are on medication that causes vomiting or diarrhoea. An adult dog that travelled well for five years and suddenly cannot is a veterinary question, not a travel-planning one. Our page on ear infections in dogs in India covers what an examination involves.

What is not established, including the breed question

No peer-reviewed study we found establishes that any breed is predisposed to car sickness. The lists of car-sick breeds that circulate online trace back to consumer surveys run by insurers and pet-sitting companies, which ask owners to self-report and name no denominator you can check.

What is established is the habituation effect, and it is large. In a convenience sample of 907 dog owners, 86.0 per cent of dogs had become used to travelling by car as puppies, and those dogs were far less likely to develop travel problems, 6.3 per cent against 24.1 per cent for dogs that had not. Age of first exposure beats breed as a predictor, and unlike breed it is something you can still act on.

Brachycephalic dogs are a separate issue that gets folded into this one. A pug, shih tzu or bulldog that struggles in a car is usually struggling to breathe and cool itself rather than fighting nausea, and the fix is airflow and temperature rather than an antiemetic. That belongs to our guide to heat safety for dogs in India and to the parked-car section of our guide to a road trip with your dog in India.

The signs, in the order they arrive

Watch for drooling and lip licking first, because vomiting is the last step rather than the first, and the early signs are the ones you can still act on.

The signs of nausea in animals are recognised clinically as salivation, lip licking, vocalisation such as whining, restlessness shown as panting, turning, circling or digging, and lethargy, with severely affected animals also developing diarrhoea and vomiting. VCA's owner-facing list is the same sequence in plainer words: whining and pacing, excessive drooling, smacking or licking lips, lethargy or inactivity, vomiting, and defecation.

1. Minute one to five: lip licking, repeated swallowing, a tight closed mouth, stillness that is not relaxation.
2. Minute five to fifteen: drooling that soaks the seat, yawning, whining, shifting position, pacing in the footwell.
3. Minute fifteen onward: retching, then vomiting, then in some dogs diarrhoea.
4. After the journey: flat, uninterested, refusing food for an hour or two, which is normal and brief.

Three signs are worth knowing by name because they appear before anything you have to clean up. A dog that licks its lips repeatedly while staring ahead is nauseous. A dog that yawns in a car it is not tired in is stressed. A dog that will not take a treat it would take anywhere else has crossed a threshold. Our guide to reading your dog's body language covers the full vocabulary and this page does not repeat it.

What an Indian city drive does that a motorway does not

An Indian city drive delivers far more of the stimulus that causes motion sickness than a motorway cruise does, because the trigger is unpredictable acceleration rather than speed.

Steady motion at a constant speed is the easiest thing for a vestibular apparatus to handle. Repeated, unsignalled changes of speed are the hardest, because each one sends the inner ear a report the eyes have not predicted. An Indian arterial road is a machine for producing exactly that, and there is measured Indian data on how hard it brakes.

Researchers surveyed 60 km of arterial roads emanating from NH 16 in Bhubaneswar and measured every speed hump on the network. Twelve humps were found. Their average chord length was 1.88 m against the 3 m minimum prescribed by IRC 99:2018, which is 40 per cent short, while the average height was 0.08 m against a permitted maximum of 0.1 m. The code specifies a minimum approach speed of 20 km/h for a hump built to standard.

What drivers actually do is in the speed trace. Average speed fell from 39.2 km/h at 64.5 m upstream to 33 km/h at 20 m, 26.3 km/h at 12.5 m, 18.1 km/h at 2.5 m and 9.7 km/h on the hump itself. The authors calculate the resulting average deceleration as 3.18 m/s squared between 17.5 and 12.5 m upstream, dropping to 1.48 and then 1.79, then rising to 3.79 m/s squared over the final 2.5 m. Against their own safe threshold of 3.81 m/s squared, 30.6 per cent of vehicles were braking unsafely 12.5 to 17.5 m before the hump, and field values ranged from 0 to 11 m/s squared.

Now multiply. That is one hump. A school run in Bengaluru, a cross-town drive in Pune or Hyderabad, or the stop-start crawl of a Delhi evening delivers that braking and release cycle every few hundred metres for an hour, interleaved with lane changes, potholes and unsignalled stops. No ranking page on this query mentions that the road itself is the dose, and in Indian cities the dose is high.

Indian law already says this, and nobody quotes it on this subject

India has written the prevention down. The Transport of Animals Rules, 1978, made under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, require that where dogs or cats are transported by road in a public vehicle, the vehicle shall as far as possible maintain constant speed, avoiding sudden stops and reducing effects of shocks and jolts to the minimum. That is, almost word for word, the motion-sickness instruction a neurologist would give.

Scope it honestly. Those rules govern dogs and cats transported as a consignment, which is why the same chapter requires a veterinary fitness certificate and an attendant in the vehicle. They do not bind you driving your own dog to the market. They are still the only written Indian standard anyone has set for how a vehicle carrying a dog should be driven, and smoothness is a thing you control.

Ghat roads and the weekend drive

Hill roads are the worst case and they are where Indian owners take dogs on holiday. The climb out of Mumbai and Pune into the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, the run from Bengaluru up into the hills of Karnataka, and the hairpin ascents into the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu all deliver continuous lateral acceleration with no straight sections for the inner ear to recalibrate against. We found no study that measures canine nausea on a curved mountain road, so treat this as the mechanism predicting an outcome rather than as a measurement. A dog that copes with a flat highway can still be sick on a ghat section, and the plan for that drive is not the plan for the plains.

Maropitant, the one drug licensed to prevent this

Maropitant is the molecule licensed to prevent vomiting due to motion sickness in dogs, and the licence sets a dose, a timing and a maximum duration that all differ from its ordinary anti-vomiting dose.

Maropitant is a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. It blocks the action of substance P in the emetic centre of the brainstem, which is the final common pathway for vomiting from both central and peripheral causes. Merck's chapter states that recent evidence places the NK-1 substance P receptors in the emetic centre as more important in motion sickness than the receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, that blocking NK-1 is more effective for motion sickness than inhibiting the trigger zone, and that maropitant is the preferred drug to treat motion sickness in dogs.

The published label, which a veterinary surgeon prescribes from and you do not dose from, reads as follows. For prevention of vomiting due to motion sickness in dogs 4 months of age and older, administer tablets orally at a minimum dose of 8 mg/kg once daily for up to 2 consecutive days, a minimum of two hours prior to travel, with a small amount of food to mitigate vomiting associated with dosing on an empty stomach, while refraining from feeding a full meal before travel. The same label states that the injectable solution must not be used interchangeably with tablets for this indication.

The dose-finding study tells you three things the label does not

The European dose-finding study ran at 23 veterinary clinics in Italy, France and the UK, and its failures are more instructive than its success. In phase 1, 71 dogs with a history of motion sickness were given placebo or 2 mg/kg and driven for at least 30 minutes. An interim assessment found that only 9 of the 37 dogs enrolled by then, 24 per cent, had vomited at all, and the investigators concluded that either the journey was too short to reliably induce vomiting or the condition in those dogs was not severe enough.

In phase 2, nine dogs that had vomited in phase 1 were given 2 mg/kg and driven for at least 60 minutes. Six of the nine vomited, showing a lack of effectiveness at that dose. In phase 3, fourteen of those dogs were given a minimum of 8 mg/kg and driven for at least 60 minutes. Two vomited, and in both of them the tablets were found mostly undissolved in the vomitus.

1. A short test drive can miss the problem entirely. Three quarters of dogs with a known history did not vomit on a journey of at least half an hour, so a 20-minute trial run that goes well proves less than it feels like it proves.
2. The anti-vomiting dose is not the motion-sickness dose. Two milligrams per kilogram, the figure used for acute vomiting, failed in two thirds of the dogs tested on it.
3. The dog can vomit the tablet before it absorbs. That is why the label pairs the dose with a small amount of food and a two-hour lead time rather than handing it over at the car door.

The 10-hour option, and why it matters for a 5 am Indian start

A separate registration study dosed 10 hours before travel rather than two, and it worked. Owners gave the tablet a minimum of one hour after returning from the clinic and approximately 10 hours before the start of the car journey, and the dogs were not fed within one hour of treatment or within three hours of the journey. Three of 22 vomited against 16 of 22 on placebo. For an Indian owner planning a pre-dawn departure, that is the difference between waking the dog at 3 am to medicate it and giving the tablet the previous evening. It is still a veterinary decision, the label still says two hours, and the study used a specific fasting protocol alongside it.

Maropitant is not side-effect free, and the published numbers are small but real. In the US motion-sickness studies at 8 mg/kg, hypersalivation occurred in 26 of 208 treated dogs (12.5 per cent) against 19 of 195 on placebo (9.7 per cent), and vomiting unrelated to motion sickness in 11 of 208 (5.3 per cent) against none on placebo. In the European two-day field study, drowsiness, lethargy or apathy occurred in 8 of 107 treated dogs (8 per cent) against 1 of 106 on placebo.

Is maropitant available in India?

Maropitant does not appear anywhere on India's published list of approved veterinary drugs, and Indian veterinary clinics nonetheless publish prescribing information for it. Both of those are true, and this page is not going to resolve the tension by pretending one of them is not.

We searched the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation's document titled List of Veterinary Drug Approved by CDSCO From 1969 To 16-04-2026, a 34-page marketing-authorisation register covering Form 45 and Form 46 permissions, on 21 October 2026. The strings maropitant and Cerenia return zero matches in the entire document. So do ondansetron, metoclopramide and the word antiemetic. Zoetis India Limited does appear in that register 11 times against other products. On Zoetis India's own website, read the same day, we found no Cerenia page: the homepage promotes dermatology, a monthly tick and flea chew and diagnostics, and the companion-animal products path we tried returned a not-found page.

State carefully what that does and does not establish. It establishes that the molecule does not hold a marketing authorisation on that particular CDSCO register. It does not establish that no veterinarian in India can obtain it, because that register covers one regulatory route and is silent on import permissions and on anything approved after 16 April 2026. It is evidence of absence from a list, not proof of absence from the country.

Against that, there is visible Indian clinical familiarity with the drug. Vetic, a clinic chain with sites in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Pune, Kolkata, Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad and Faridabad, publishes a maropitant medicine page written by a named veterinary surgeon that lists motion sickness in dogs among the indications vets may use it for, and that discusses tablet strengths, injectable use in large dogs and storage. A clinic chain does not write dosing guidance for a drug nobody in its network prescribes.

Three sources, three different minimum ages, and which to believe

Three reputable sources disagree on the minimum age for the motion-sickness indication, and the disagreement is easy to check. We publish all three rather than quietly picking the one that reads best.

Believe the label. It is the text the regulator approved and the only one of the three written by the party that holds the approval. The point of printing the other two is not to score against them; it is that an Indian owner reading an Indian clinic page and an Indian owner reading Merck would walk into the same consultation with two different and both-wrong age rules, and neither page flags any uncertainty.

Why the human antihistamine is a poorer choice than owners think

Antihistamines sedate as well as settle, and the sedation is the problem rather than the bonus.

The class does work, up to a point, and no honest page says otherwise. Merck lists diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, meclizine and promethazine as antihistamines that prevent motion sickness, provide sedation and inhibit drooling, and gives canine doses for diphenhydramine at 2 to 4 mg/kg orally or intramuscularly every 8 hours, and meclizine at 12.5 mg per dog orally every 12 hours given one hour before travel. Those are prescribing figures for a veterinary surgeon, printed here so you can see that the class is real medicine with real dosing, not a kitchen remedy.

Five specific reasons it is the weaker tool are set out below.

1. They act further from the target. Merck states that the NK-1 substance P receptors in the emetic centre play a major role in motion sickness and are more important than the receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and that blocking NK-1 is more effective for motion sickness than inhibiting the trigger zone, which is where the histamine pathway sits.
2. Sedation is not treatment. A dog that is physically slowed and still nauseous has not been helped, and a sedated dog cannot show you the early signs you would otherwise act on.
3. Anticholinergic effects travel with the class, dry mouth among them, and they stack when an owner combines two antihistamines on the theory that more is better.
4. None of them holds a licence for canine motion sickness. Every dose in use is extrapolated, which is exactly the situation in which a veterinary surgeon rather than a pharmacist should be choosing.
5. In cats they do not work at all. Cats have no histamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, so antihistamines are ineffective for feline motion sickness, and Merck advises prescribing maropitant instead.

The Indian specific is availability. Human travel-sickness tablets sit on an open shelf in most Indian pharmacies and nobody asks what the buyer intends to do with them. That is a fact about Indian retail, not a fact about canine pharmacology, and the gap between the two is where most self-medication accidents start. A dose that is a quarter tablet for one dog is three tablets for another, and the difference is not something to work out from a forum post.

How long before a drive should a dog stop eating

Five reputable sources give five different answers to that question, so this page prints all five with what each one is actually trying to achieve.

The spread resolves once you notice the five are not answering the same question. The AKC and VCA figures are both trying to leave the stomach empty and differ only in how cautious the author chose to be, with nothing published behind either number. The three-hour figure is the one with a paper trail, because it is the fast that the dogs in the licensing trials were actually on. The label is solving a completely different problem, namely that an 8 mg/kg tablet on an empty stomach can itself provoke vomiting, which is exactly what happened to two of the fourteen dogs in the dose-finding phase whose tablets came back mostly undissolved. And the Indian rules are not thinking about nausea at all.

That leaves one collision an owner will actually hit. If your veterinary surgeon prescribes maropitant and you have also read that you must fast your dog for twelve hours, those two instructions cannot both be followed, because the label asks you to give the tablet with a small amount of food. Ask which applies to your dog, and say that you have read both.

The non-drug measures, sorted into evidenced and customary

Sort the standard advice into what has evidence behind it and what is simply custom, because most of this list is custom and several items are still worth doing.

Airflow, and what the monsoon takes away

Open a window in a Chennai or Mumbai monsoon and you get rain rather than ventilation. For several months of the year the realistic Indian option is a closed cabin, and a closed cabin on recirculation is the setting in which a panting dog raises the humidity fastest and gets least relief from it. Set the system to draw fresh air rather than recirculate wherever the traffic and the air quality allow it, point a rear vent at the dog rather than at the luggage, and accept that in a humid month you are managing two problems at once. Our guide to monsoon care for dogs in India covers the rest of the wet-season picture.

The graduated habituation programme that treats the anxiety half

To treat car anxiety, rebuild the dog's association with the car in steps small enough that it is never frightened at any of them, starting with a car that does not move.

Both clinical sources publish essentially the same ladder, and the steps below are theirs rather than ours. Work at the dog's pace, not the calendar's; conditioning a dog to ride comfortably may require several days or even weeks.

1. Put the dog in the parked car, engine off, and sit there quietly for a few minutes, praising and gently petting. Do nothing else Reisen, Carsickness in Dogs: What to Know.
2. Repeat daily until the dog walks to the car with enthusiasm rather than being led to it.
3. Start the engine and let it run for a few minutes with the dog in the car. Bring a toy, make it a good few minutes, switch off, get out.
4. Back out of the gate and return. Praise and offer a food reward for good behaviour.
5. Drive once up and down the road in front of the house, then stop and get out.
6. Build to a trip around the block, then gradually up to riding comfortably for 20 to 30 minutes.
7. Take the dog somewhere it actively likes, and end there rather than turning straight round.

Two rules decide whether any of that works. First, visible anxiety is a sign to stop the current training and start again another day, because continuing to expose a dog to a stressful situation only deepens the association with displeasure and fear and causes setbacks. Second, progress only after the dog has shown no sign of sickness at the current step, and when there is a lapse, stay calm, because scolding a dog for whining, drooling or vomiting amplifies the stress you are trying to remove.

The Indian pattern that creates this, and the fix for it

In a great many Indian households the car goes to exactly one place with the dog in it, and that place is the clinic. That pattern has a measured cost. In the 907-owner survey, dogs transported only to veterinary clinics were twice as likely to respond negatively to car travel, 46.4 per cent against 22.7 per cent for everyone else. The dog is not confused. It has correctly worked out what the car predicts.

Break the prediction by making most journeys end somewhere unremarkable. Drive two kilometres and walk in a park. Drive to a friend's gate and come back. Drive to the end of your own lane, get out, sniff a tree, get back in. Where a car is not available every week, a short auto or cab ride serves the same purpose, and our guide to taking pets in Uber, Ola and Rapido in India covers what the operators actually allow. Where the journey is long enough that the car is the wrong tool, Indian Railways rules for pets and flying with a pet in India set out the alternatives.

Crate and carrier habituation is a subject of its own and we do not repeat it here. If your plan involves getting the dog comfortable in a closed carrier before it goes in the car, our guide to moving house with a pet in India covers that work in full. For how the dog should be secured once it is in, see collar or harness for dogs in India.

Car anxiety is not separation anxiety, and the two get conflated because both involve a distressed dog and both respond to graduated exposure. They are different disorders with different triggers, and a dog can have one without the other. Our guide to separation anxiety in dogs in India covers that condition, and nothing on this page is a treatment for it.

Heat is a confounder, not a footnote

A panting, distressed dog in an Indian car is a heat problem as well as a nausea problem, and from the driver's seat the two look the same.

Drooling, panting, restlessness and lethargy sit on the nausea list and on the overheating list, so in an Indian summer you cannot read them as nausea alone. A car that has been parked in the sun for an hour before you load the dog starts the journey far above ambient, and the dog that is already nauseous is also the dog least able to settle and most likely to pant. Run the air conditioning with the doors open for a few minutes before the dog gets in rather than after, park in shade where there is any, and treat a dog that is panting hard with gums that look wrong as a heat case until proved otherwise. Our guide to heat safety for dogs in India covers walk windows and city-by-city heat, cooling vests and summer gear covers what actually helps, heat stroke in dogs covers the first ten minutes, and the parked-car measurements are set out in our guide to a road trip with your dog in India.

What to do in the car when it happens, and what to clean it with

Stop the car when the drooling starts, because that is the last point at which stopping still prevents something.

VCA's advice is simple and it is the right instinct: if you think your dog is going to vomit, stopping the car and taking it for a walk may help temporarily relieve its stress. On an Indian road the hard part is the stopping, not the deciding, so pick the next safe place rather than the perfect one.

1. Pull off the carriageway as far as the shoulder allows and put the hazards on.
2. Clip the lead on inside the car, before any door opens.
3. Walk the dog away from traffic on unpaved ground for five minutes and let it stand still if it wants to.
4. Offer water in small amounts rather than a full bowl, which a nauseous dog will bring straight back.
5. Feed nothing, however hungry the dog now looks.
6. Say nothing cross. A dog that is scolded after being sick learns that the car produces both the nausea and the telling-off.
7. Resume gently, and drop the next stop interval rather than pushing on to make up time.

Cleaning up, and why the smell matters more than the stain

Clean with an enzymatic pet cleaner rather than a household detergent or a phenol-based floor cleaner. Detergent lifts the visible mess and leaves the odour compounds in the upholstery foam, and the odour is not a cosmetic problem: it is a cue sitting in the car waiting for the next journey, reinforcing exactly the association you are trying to break. Enzymatic cleaners break down the proteins that produce the smell rather than masking them. Avoid anything containing phenol near a dog, and never use a product on car upholstery that you have not checked is safe for animals.

Prepare for it rather than reacting to it. A washable cotton bedsheet over the seat, an old towel, a roll of paper, a sealable bag and a bottle of enzymatic cleaner live in the boot permanently and cost almost nothing. A dog that has to sit in a soiled seat for the remaining two hours of a journey has a worse journey than the vomiting alone would have given it.

One line on restraint, because it belongs here. A loose dog that has just been sick is a distracted driver's problem and a projectile in the braking event that an Indian road will eventually force. Secure the dog properly in the back and never let it ride in the front footwell.

When this is a veterinary appointment and not a travel-planning problem

Book an appointment when an adult dog that used to travel well suddenly cannot, when there are signs away from the car, or when a short journey is now enough to make the dog sick.

Most car sickness is car sickness. The cases below are the ones where it is a symptom of something else, and a vomiting dog is the first thing you notice rather than the thing that is wrong.

• Sudden onset in an adult dog with a clean travel history. Middle or inner ear infections and vestibular disease both predispose a dog to nausea, and so does medication the dog has recently started.
• A head tilt, circling, stumbling or flicking eye movements, with or without a car involved. That is a vestibular presentation and it is a same-week appointment.
• Vomiting that also happens at home, or that continues long after the journey ends.
• Blood in the vomit, black or tarry stool, or a dog that is flat rather than simply subdued afterwards.
• A puppy under four months with severe signs, since the licensed motion-sickness indication begins at four months and anything earlier is a conversation rather than a prescription.
• Any dog where the problem is getting worse journey by journey rather than better, which usually means the anxiety half is taking over.

Take a written record, because the consultation turns on specifics you will not remember accurately. Note the date of each journey, its length in minutes, what the dog last ate and how long before, whether the car was moving when the first sign appeared, which sign appeared first, at what minute, and what you have already tried. Five lines in a notes app beats a paragraph of recollection. Our guide to what a vet visit costs in India covers what to expect from the appointment itself.